How Alloys in Tool Steel Affect Performance - SB Specialty Metals

Each individual element in a tool steel imparts certain and specific  properties to the steel according to the percentage.  The effects of a single alloying element can be modified by the presence of other elements.  Below is a chart showing the alloying elements in Cold Work Tool Steels.  Read on to learn the effects of each alloying element.

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Carbon - C - This is the most important alloying element in steel.  With increasing carbon content, the strength and hardenability of the steel increase, but its ductility, formability, weldability, and machinability can be decreased.

Manganese - Mn - Manganese is used as a deoxidizer.  It contributes to strength and hardness, but to a lesser extent than carbon.  Manganese has a strong effect on increasing the hardenability of steel by reducing the critical cooling rate.

Silicon - Si - Silicon is used as one of the main deoxidizers in steelmaking.  Silicon is also absorbed in the melt during steelmaking from furnace and ladle refractory brick.  Silicon is a strong promoter of hardenability, improved forgeability and increases scale resistance.

Sulfur - S - For most steels a maximum sulfur limit is specified.  Sulfur is intentionally added to certain steels to  improve machinability.  Sulfur decreases weldability and, in most steels, increases impact toughness and ductility.  In Particle Metallurgy steels, however, a controlled sulfur level does improve machinability with negligible  effects on other properties.

Nickel - Ni - Nickel increases strength and hardness without sacrificing ductility and toughness.

Aluminum - Al - This is the most effective and frequently used deoxidizer in steelmaking.  Small additions are used to insure small grain size.  Aluminum will form with nitrogen and form hard aluminum nitrides, which is why it is added to nitriding steels.

Carbon Forming Elements

Chromium - Cr - Chromium is generally added to steel to increase resistance to corrosion and oxidation, to increase hardenability, and to improve high temperature strength.  Chromium is a carbide former, which increases edge retention and wear resistance.

Molybdenum - Mo - Molybdenum is usually alloyed together with other elements and is a pronounced carbide former.  Molybdenum promotes fine grain structure and improves secondary hardening during tempering.  Molybdenum increases strength, hardness and overall toughness.

Tungsten - W - Tungsten is a very pronounced carbide former.  It improves toughness and prevents grain growth.  Tungsten increases high temperature strength and red hardness.  It is primarily used in high speed steels and hot work tool steels.

Vanadium - V - Vanadium is a pronounced carbide former, which increases wear resistance.  Vanadium increases strength, hardness and retards grain growth.  Vanadium enhances red hardness properties for high speed steels and  intensifies the effects of other alloying elements.

Subset of tool steels

High-speed steel (HSS or HS) is a subset of tool steels, commonly used as cutting tool material.

Compared to high-carbon steel tools, high-speed steels can withstand higher temperatures without losing their temper (hardness), allowing use of faster cutting speeds. At room temperature, in their generally recommended heat treatment, HSS grades generally display high hardness (above 60 Rockwell C) and abrasion resistance compared with common carbon and tool steels. There are several different types of high speed steel, such as M42 and M2.[1]

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History

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In , English metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet developed Mushet steel, considered the forerunner of modern high-speed steels. It consisted of 2% carbon, 2.5% manganese, and 7% tungsten. The major advantage of this steel was that it hardened when air cooled from a temperature at which most steels had to be quenched for hardening. Over the next 30 years, the most significant change was the replacement of manganese with chromium.[2]

In and , Frederick Winslow Taylor and Maunsel White (A.K.A Maunsel White III; –; grandson of Maunsel White; –), working with a team of assistants at the Bethlehem Steel Company at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, US, performed a series of experiments with heat treating existing high-quality tool steels, such as Mushet steel, heating them to much higher temperatures than were typically considered desirable in the industry.[3][4] Their experiments were characterised by a scientific empiricism in that many different combinations were made and tested, with no regard for conventional wisdom, and detailed records kept of each batch. The result was a heat treatment process that transformed existing alloys into a new kind of steel that could retain its hardness at higher temperatures, allowing cutting speed to be tripled from 30 surface feet per minute to 90. A demonstration of cutting tools made from the new steel caused a sensation at the Paris Exhibition.[5]: 200 

The Taylor-White process[6] was patented and created a revolution in machining industries. Heavier machine tools with higher rigidity were needed to use the new steel to its full advantage, prompting redesigns and replacement of installed plant machinery. The patent was contested and eventually nullified.[7]

The first alloy that was formally classified as high-speed steel is known by the AISI designation T1, which was introduced in .[8] It was patented by Crucible Steel Co. at the beginning of the 20th century.[2]

Although molybdenum-rich high-speed steels such as AISI M1 had seen some use since the s, it was the material shortages and high costs caused by WWII that spurred development of less expensive alloys substituting molybdenum for tungsten. The advances in molybdenum-based high speed steel during this period put them on par with, and in certain cases better, than tungsten-based high speed steels. This started with the use of M2 steel instead of T1 steel.[2][9]

Types

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High speed steels are alloys that gain their properties from a variety of alloying metals added to carbon steel, typically including tungsten and molybdenum, or a combination of the two, often with other alloys as well.[10] They belong to the Fe–C–X multi-component alloy system where X represents chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, or cobalt. Generally, the X component is present in excess of 7%, along with more than 0.60% carbon.

In the unified numbering system (UNS), tungsten-type grades (e.g. T1, T15) are assigned numbers in the T120xx series, while molybdenum (e.g. M2, M48) and intermediate types are T113xx. ASTM standards recognize 7 tungsten types and 17 molybdenum types.[11]

The addition of about 10% of tungsten and molybdenum in total maximises efficiently the hardness and toughness of high speed steels and maintains those properties at the high temperatures generated when cutting metals.

A sample of alloying compositions of common high speed steel grades (by %wt)[12][13] (impurity limits are not included) Grade C Cr Mo W V Co Mn Si T1 0.65–0.80 4.00 - 18 1 - 0.1–0.4 0.2–0.4 M1 0.80 4 8 1.5 1.0 - - - M2 0.85 4 5 6.0 2.0 - - - M7 1.00 4 8.75 1.75 2.0 - - - M35 0.92 4.3 5 6.4 1.8 5 - 0.35 M42 1.10 3.75 9.5 1.5 1.15 8.0 - - M50 0.85 4 4.25 .10 1.0 - - -

Molybdenum High Speed Steels (HSS)

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Combining molybdenum, tungsten and chromium steel creates several alloys commonly called "HSS", with a hardness of 63 to 65 Rockwell C.

M1

M1 lacks some of the red-hardness properties of M2, but is less susceptible to shock and will flex more.

M2

M2 is the most widely used industrial HSS. It has small and evenly distributed carbides giving high wear resistance, though its decarburization sensitivity is a little bit high. After heat treatment, its hardness is the same as T1, but its bending strength can reach 4,700 MPa (680,000 psi), and its toughness and thermo-plasticity are higher than T1 by 50%. It is usually used to manufacture a variety of tools, such as drill bits, taps and reamers. 1. is the equivalent numeric designation for M2 material identified in ISO .

M7

M7 is used for making heavier construction drills where flexibility and extended drill life are equally important.

M50

M50 does not have the red-hardness of other grades of tungsten HSS, but is very good for drills where breakage is a problem due to flexing the drill. Generally favored for hardware stores and contractor use. It is also used in high-temperature ball bearings.

Cobalt High Speed Steels

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The addition of cobalt increases heat resistance, and can give a hardness up to 70 Rockwell C.[14]

M35

M35 is similar to M2, but with 5% cobalt added. M35 is also known as Cobalt Steel, HSSE or HSS-E. It will cut faster and last longer than M2.[15]

M42

M42 is a molybdenum-series high-speed steel alloy with an additional 8% cobalt.[14] It is widely used in metal manufacturing industries because of its superior red-hardness as compared to more conventional high-speed steels, allowing for shorter cycle times in production environments due to higher cutting speeds or from the increase in time between tool changes.[15]

Forming

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HSS drill bits formed by rolling are denoted HSS-R. Grinding is used to create HSS-G, cobalt and carbide drill bits.[16]

Applications

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The main use of high-speed steels continues to be in the manufacture of various cutting tools: drills, taps, milling cutters, tool bits, hobbing (gear) cutters, saw blades, planer and jointer blades, router bits, etc., although usage for punches and dies is increasing.

High speed steels also found a market in fine hand tools where their relatively good toughness at high hardness, coupled with high abrasion resistance, made them suitable for low speed applications requiring a durable keen (sharp) edge, such as files, chisels, hand plane blades, and damascus kitchen knives and pocket knives.[citation needed]

High speed steel tools are the most popular for use in woodturning, as the speed of movement of the work past the edge is relatively high for handheld tools, and HSS holds its edge far longer than high carbon steel tools can.[citation needed]

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See also

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• Chromium-vanadium steel (Cr-V)
• List of steel producers